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It's all a blur Odd couples, mixed-race marketplace fueled 2002
By PHIL KLOER The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
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What better way to sift through all the popular culture of 2002 than to invent a new TV reality show -- let's call it "Pop Go Your Eyeballs." The judges could include some snarky Brit in love with his own wit and a good-looking Midwestern lummox with the charisma of a Formica countertop. ("American Idol" meets "The Bachelor" -- think of the ratings!) We'll strand them on a desert island, make them eat gross stuff, play them a highlight reel of the year, and we'll all watch it till our brain stems melt like candle wax.
Look, there's Ozzy Osbourne fumbling the TV remote control, Michael Jackson dangling his baby and the tattered shreds of his career over a hotel balcony railing, Kirsten Dunst peeling off Spider-Man's mask and Nelly asking, over and over, if it's hot in herre. There's "Big Fat Greek Wedding" and big fat Anna Nicole Smith, Weblogging and "The Lovely Bones," a drug-free Snoop Dogg and that cute, cute Ty from "Trading Spaces," Winona-Shania-Mariah and Kurt Cobain, back from the afterlife, just like Elvis (happy 25th anniversary of, uh, your death), because no one is ever truly gone in pop culture, except for Vanilla Ice.
Small wonder, as Todd Gitlin wrote in his book "Media Unlimited," that we suffer from "national attention deficit disorder."
And everywhere, as ubiquitous as f-bombs on "The Sopranos," are those pinup poster kids of 2002, the odd couple with nothing and everything in common: Halle Berry and Eminem. Their differences are glaring: she the classy Oscar winner who landed on the cover of Cosmo and in bed with James Bond in "Die Another Day," he the crass white rapper with the No. 1 CD of the year, the most challenging song ("Lose Yourself") and the dog-ate-my-remedial-anger-management-homework glare.
But Berry and Eminem are emblematic of the most important current flowing through the culture right now, a fluidity about race that is way beyond white housewives watching "Oprah" while their husbands root for Tiger Woods. As Charles Barkley said, "You know it's all going to hell when the best rapper around is white and the best golfer is black."
He's not saying that's bad -- it's more of a "what-a-world" comment. Not only that, but the president of the United States is black (on TV's "24"), as is the actor (Kenny Leon) playing Scrooge in "A Christmas Carol" at the Alliance Theatre, and the new movie action heroes are of indeterminate heritage (Vin Diesel and the Rock -- all things to all demographics), and Austin Powers is hittin' it with Beyoncé Knowles, and Justin Timberlake suddenly seems to believe he has a lot more melanin than he really does.
Don't think for a moment that this is just another "Kumbaya"-singing liberal celebration of multicuturalism. This is capitalism -- the cold, unfeeling hand of the marketplace. We are looking at the future, and the future is a Gap commercial, bopping to "Love Train."
So argues Leon Wynter in "American Skin: Pop Culture, Big Business and the End of White America" (Crown Publishing), an important book that came out in September and should have received more attention.
"It's the bottom line that's allowing these things to come through," says Wynter, regarding the whole blur of race in the entertainment-industrial complex. "2002 was a watershed, if you will."
Boiled way down, Wynter's argument is this: Baby boomers don't matter nearly as much as they think they still do; the conglomerates that control what we feed our minds are focused on winning over the youth, and much of the youth market is comfortable in a culture where many peers are racially mixed, where there is the "sense that identity is rooted in cultures that can be freely traded in the marketplace, not imposed by race or ethnicity at birth," and where neither a white prince of hip-hop (Eminem) nor a mixed-race Vogue cover model (Berry) is necessarily an oxymoron.
"We're talking a big wave that's been rolling since the '80s and continues to reshape the landscape," Wynter says.
"Crossover is not even a useful way of looking at these things any more," he adds. "It used to be artists were black and their initial following was black and every now and then they would get airplay on white radio. But nowadays something comes out, they get on MTV, it's just there and everybody comes to it."
Like two of the year's biggest summer action movies, "The Scorpion King" and "XXX." "Scorpion" starred the Rock, the pro wrestler formerly known as Dwayne Johnson, who is half-black, half-Hawaiian and all attitude. Vin Diesel, who starred in "XXX," wouldn't even answer questions about his racial background (black and Italian, according to reports). They stepped up just as Hollywood was wringing its hands over the aging of action stalwarts like Arnold Schwarzenegger.
It doesn't matter what Diesel's cultural background is, Wynter argues. "He belongs to the culture that's particularly hot right now, whatever you want to call it, not some amorphous 'multiculture.' It's not an ethnic group, unless you consider 'American' an ethnic group."
And why not? White-bread Kelly Clarkson may have won "American Idol," but it was mixed-race Justin Guarini who made the girls bounce on the sofa cushions all summer long and helped drive the ratings. His ethnicity mattered a whole lot less than his cuteness.
Justin (and all of "American Idol" for that matter) represented another important trend in 2002 -- the up-from-nowhere phenomenon. Avril Lavigne elbowed Britney Spears aside and was hailed for her authenticity because she wrote her own songs and played her own guitar, which mainly shows how low the bar has been set. The low-budget independent movie "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" trampled dozens of films with bigger advertising budgets, while unknown author Michel Faber's "The Crimson Petal and the White," an 800-plus-page tome about Victorian England -- the best novel Charles Dickens never wrote -- rode the best-seller list. Norah Jones and John Mayer, welcome aboard the Success Express; you can have the seats that used to be occupied by Limp Bizkit.
In a world where the culture increasingly flows downward, from the big conglomerates at the top to the consumers at the bottom, these were refreshing examples of success by word of mouth. People shared their love of Alice Sebold's "The Lovely Bones" (the biggest-selling novel of the year) or "Greek Wedding" with one another, almost obsessively, and no mega-marketing campaign was required. Sure, virtually anything that caught on, whether it was "The Osbournes" on MTV or
"Urinetown" on Broadway, had some kind of push, but they all cut through the clutter mainly because they generated a genuine buzz from fans rather than a manufactured one from profiteers.
That's not to say the conglomerates don't still have a hammerlock on most of the culture. The AOL Time Warners and Disneys are so diversified that the old model (turn a book into a movie, turn a movie into a TV series) is now turbo-charged. Video games become movies and movies become video games; comic books and graphic novels feed TV and films; and remakes of old movies are now what keeps Broadway alive. Everything is a brand, and then it becomes a brand extension. If it's good enough for Coca-Cola, it's good enough for James Bond, who was the subject of a new movie, new CD soundtrack, new video game and several new books this year.
Finally, what strange force decreed that 2002 would be the Year of the Urp? Everywhere you cast your eyes -- or everywhere you averted your eyes, for that matter -- folks were tossing their cookies, vomiting for our, uh, entertainment. Reality TV drove the trend, especially "Fear Factor" and its forced ingestion of animal body parts that most people wouldn't touch, let alone eat. But players also lost their lunch on MTV's "The Real World," "Survivor: Thailand" and "The Anna Nicole Smith Show," as well as in the movies "8 Mile" and "Jackass."
The most spectacular spew of the year was probably Adriana La Cerva's on "The Sopranos," cornered by the FBI, letting loose on their nice, clean conference table. Even in the PG-rated "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets," young Ron Weasley spent a lengthy sequence urping up slugs.
So why all the blowing of chunks all of a sudden? Here's as good a theory as any: Television in particular knows that when it's transgressive, people notice. They've temporarily hit the limit on sex, violence and profanity, so being more graphic with a non-sexual but somewhat taboo bodily function is just another way to rouse you from your couch stupor. You may react with an "Ewwww," but you're reacting.
Let's click back to our TV show surveying the scene, "Pop Go Your Eyeballs." Our judges have come up with a hypothetical perfect scene that would encapsulate the year. It would be set in a world of racial fluidity, say an inner-city nightclub devoted to cutting-edge hip-hop, but with a white boy ready to perform. It would be about brand extension: a musician crossing over to movies. Hyped to the heavens, but with good word of mouth. And then the lead character throws up.
Snap back to reality -- that was the opening scene of "8 Mile." All that was missing was a cameo by Halle Berry.
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Eminem and Justin: Pimping Black Culture?
Pimpin' I think a lot of white artist are trying to be black to sell there muisc and i think thats wrong,i also think if white people want black people to like there muisc i think they should not try so hard.holla back
Are Justin and Eminem Pimping Black Culture? Yes, I think that Justin is pimping black culture. I think that he got tired of NSYNC and got influenced by Nelly when they did "Girlfriend", and decided, hey, "this black music thing works." At least Eminem came out with hip-hop, and embraced it instead of ruining it with some horrid vocals like Justin.
Justin T. & Eminem chart topping? Dear Honey, I am writting in response to the Justin Timberlake & Eminem craze...first, Justin has always been and will always be a pop artist. He was introduced to us as a pop artist so I believe that no matter what he is singing be it R&B or country he will be that, a pop artist. His initial fan base from N*Snyc has followed and his collaborations have been executed smartly! Secondly, Eminem on the other hand is a Vanilla Ice waiting to happen! His 15minutes of fame is almost up. I can't support ANY artist who will allow his image and public relations personnel make him write lyrics about his mother, the mother of his child, homosexuality and otherwise "B" list topics to sell records. He is the true puppet of the music industry, a media accident. His popularity at the moment is just that....at the moment will not be able to stand the test of time once our country moves into harder times. Such artist as Nas and Busta Rhymes, etc. true HipHop artist, whos lyrics cross a wide range of "A" list or serious topics will blow Eminem back into the trailer park. -E Ikaika Las Vegas, NV
Eminem and J. Timberlake I believe that both Eminem and Justin Timberlake are true fans of rap and R & B music. It is evident by the respect that each of them has for black music and black people. I have never heard Eminem use the words "nigger" or "nigga" (to me that are both the same) like J. Lo felt comfortable doing and I have never felt disrepected by either of their music. Of course, I only listen to the singles that they release because I haven't bought either CD.
In my opinion, Justin Timberlake's admiration of the black race goes beyond his music. He has repeatedly had black girls featured in his videos (which seems to be a dying trend in some of black musicians' videos). They don't seem to be disrespected (like in some black musicians' videos).
Eminem seems to just talk about what he's lived, which has included interactions with black people. I don't consider him to be trying to identify too much with black people. Thanks for reading. -K. Green
The real deal? Hi I personally believe that both artists bring a different very mult-dimensional aura to hip-hop and ramp&;b no I don't believe for one second that my man justiin or eminem is pimping black culture we are in a way grabbing what they bring to the table because as a african american female eminem is one of my favorite rappers so not in the least.
We are to blame! Dear Honey, We as African-American music listeners are to blame for all of the attention that Eminem and Justin Timberlake are receiving. Whenever there is an artist that "sounds black" but who is not black, we are quick to say, "Ooooh chile! He/she can sing for a white person!" But when one of our own (African-American) steps out with the same type of lyrics and/or look, there we go hating," She/he is alright but they ain't all that!" -Jade Ritter
Kid Rocks! BY KID ROCK as told to KRISTEN BALDWIN(teenpeopleonline)I'VE ALWAYS BEEN INTO MUSIC. When I was little, I kept the beat to my parents' records by banging on pots and pans, and I listened to Bob Seger, Johnny Cash and Chuck Berry. I grew up in Romeo, Mich., a little country town, always trying to figure out the best way to show off, get money and girls and be a big shot.
I come from a middle-class background -- no hard-luck stories. My mom, Susan, 55, is a homemaker; my dad, Bill, 59, is a retired car dealership owner. [Kid Rock, 29, was born Robert Ritchie.] They live in Romeo. My brother, Billy, 32, works at my label, Top Dog Records; my sister Carol, 34, is my financial manager and lives with me outside Pontiac, Mich.; and my sister Jill, 26, is an actress in L.A.
rap roots When I was growing up, my parents just didn't understand my interest in rap music. But there were mix radio shows in Detroit, like the Wizard and the Electrifying Mojo, that were huge influences. The first concert I went to was called the Motor City Break in Detroit around 1983 or 1984, where Run-D.M.C. and a band called Felix and Jarvis performed.
By 1987, I had moved out of my parents' house and was living in Mount Clemens, a small town near Detroit, working in a car wash and DJ'ing basement parties in the projects. Over the years, through people I DJ'ed with, I was working with people who would invest in some form of business or entertainment, like my music. In 1990, I hooked up with one investor whose attorney talked to a bunch of labels about me and got me a deal with Jive Records.
This was the time when Jive had everything: D.J. Jazzy Jeff [& the Fresh Prince], Too Short, A Tribe Called Quest -- it was the place to be. That year, I released my first album, Grits Sandwiches for Breakfast. At the time, Vanilla Ice was hot, and he made it hard to be a white rapper. If you're white and you do something associated with black culture, people are quick to disregard it and say it's stupid, because you do see a lot of corny kids running around trying to act black and be part of the culture. The pretty-fly-for-a-white-guy syndrome. I'd be sitting at Thanksgiving dinner and my grandma would ask me what I do. I'd be like, "Well, I rap." And she'd say, "Ooohhh, like Vanilla Ice." I'd say, "Yeah, Grandma, kinda like that." As for my Vanilla Ice-style flattop at the time, I had it since 1988, pre-"Ice Ice Baby." One of my black friends at school had one, and I said, "Whaddya got that for?" And he was like, "You're just jealous because you can't grow one." So I'm like, "Watch this."
But my looks didn't help me get noticed the following year. As soon as my publicist would say, "Hey, we've got this white kid on Jive who we want you to do an article on," writers would be like, "Oh, no. We're not doing any more articles on some Vanilla Ice kid."
Not that my record was a priority at Jive. I was lowest on the totem pole. This company in New Jersey called Continuum Records had recently formed, and they were real interested in me. So in 1991, I called this kid at Jive, and I basically went off on him. He said, "Oh, yeah? You're dropped." I said, "Good, because I've got another label waiting right now that's going to let me do what I want."
kid's kid When I was 21, soon after I recorded my second album, 1992's The Polyfuze Method, my girlfriend -- whose name I'd rather not mention -- got pregnant with my son, Robert Ritchie Jr. He was born on June 14, 1993. We had a little apartment in Sterling Heights, Mich., and she had two other children. I took care of everybody -- at least I did the best I could.
I was ready to make a commitment to raise all three kids. I was making money, maybe $20,000 to $30,000 a year by performing and selling my tapes in record stores. Still, after my son was born, his mom and I split up.
After a court battle, I got custody of Junior when he was about six months old. All of a sudden, music didn't come first. My mom helped out tremendously. Now my older sister, Carol, is with him when I'm on tour. The hardest part of being on the road is not knowing what's going on with him. My sister tells me stuff, but it's not the same as being there. (At press time, Junior's mother had filed to gain custody.)
Those early years of fatherhood were really tough. Money was scarce. In 1994, I released the EP Fire It Up, but Continuum was going broke. I wanted to make another album, but I was barely getting by financially. Finally, in 1995, I had to buckle and ask my dad for money to pull it off. It sucked because he was always against my music career, but he gave me $8,500 -- I've got to give him credit for that.
I knew that I could make it work because I had this fan base from my first few albums. You've got to just be honest with yourself, look in the mirror and say, "Am I good enough? Do I know I can do something better?" I think that's true with anything you do in life. You've got to be able to compare yourself to other people and say, "What do I have that's different? Can I compete on that level?" And I always knew I could. There was never even a doubt in my mind.
the big payoff I recorded Early Mornin' Stoned Pimp and released it on my own label, Top Dog Records, in 1996. I did the CD's artwork with a friend who worked at a graphics place and recorded it at the White Room Studios in Detroit for free because those guys always believed in me. The only thing I had to pay for was the pressing of the record. I printed up a sticker to promote it, and I performed around Detroit. It sold between 14,000 and 18,000 copies.
At that point, management and record companies started calling me. In 1997, Atlantic Records' A&R guy, Andy Karp, and Jason Flom, who's a bigwig at Atlantic, came to Detroit to see me perform. I put together an extravaganza for the show at the State Theatre. There were 2,000 kids there, and every one of them had a Kid Rock T-shirt on -- when you don't have a record deal, that's something. That show really clinched it, and I signed with Atlantic.
Devil Without a Cause came out the next year, and we had to build enthusiasm for it. MTV was the only place that said, "We love the record; we're going to stand behind it." They only played the "I Am the Bullgod" video a few times, but people saw it enough to call in. By the time we got to the next single, "Bawitdaba," MTV was playing it on Total Request Live, and a few radio stations started spinning it. When we played Woodstock '99 last July, Devil was double platinum.
Today, I'd say the most important thing I've learned is to be yourself, don't get jaded, don't get lazy. If you're not willing to work hard, you might as well just lay down and die. Persistence and hard work pay. It's that simple.
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Disjointed 'Black and White' Lured by Hip-Hop Culture Ellen A. Kim
Having written "Bugsy" (1991) and "The Gambler" (1975) and having directed what some feel was among the great debuts in American film--"Fingers" (1977)--James Toback carries around a credibility that's belied by almost every movie he's subsequently made (most recently 1998's "Two Girls and a Guy").
Add to this his much-publicized private life and views thereof--the basis, presumably, for his overrated "The Pick-Up Artist" of 1987--and you can't help but view every Toback project as the Freudian projection of a fevered libido.
In "Black and White," Toback explores the fascination among white teenagers--Manhattanites in this case--for hip-hop culture and, by Toback's extension, the lure of black sexuality. Think "Kids" meets "Jungle Fever" meets Norman Mailer's hipster opus "The White Negro."
Add to this the stunt casting of people like model-actress Claudia Schiffer, boxer Mike Tyson, New York Knick Allan Houston and Toback regular Robert Downey Jr. as the weird, gay (and funny) husband of filmmaker Brooke Shields and "Black and White" starts to resemble such star-crusted movies as 1992's "Where the Day Takes You," in which a mob of fashionable faces (Will Smith, Ricki Lake, Lara Flynn Boyle, Alyssa Milano, David Arquette, etc.) pooled their resources to make a statement about the homeless in Hollywood. It was this short of laughable.
Likewise, "Black and White" features a herd of emerging talent--Bijou Phillips, Gaby Hoffmann, Elijah Wood, Jared Leto, Scott Caan--and is laughable in its way.
But it's also hard, excuse me, impossible, to watch "Black and White" and not imagine that what you're watching are the voyeuristic indulgences of a middle-aged filmmaker playing out his most deep-seated and unresolved sexual fantasies and anxieties.
The three-way interracial alfresco sex scene that begins the movie is indeed a startling way to open a picture, and more startling when we realize what buttons Toback thinks he's pushing. The exploitation and sexual commodification of black men is a valid point for Toback to make--in a movie that does its share of exploiting black men.
Easily the weirdest scene in a weirdly disjointed movie is one in which Tyson, playing himself, urges Harlem rapper Rich Bower (Power of Wu Tang Clan) to commit murder. You wonder if Tyson had his parole officer vet the script and doubt Toback ever thought to suggest it.
* MPAA rating: R for strong sexuality, graphic language, some violence and drug use. Times guidelines: As hard-core as R gets, including a very graphic sex scene at the start.
'Black and White'
Scott Caan: Scotty
Robert Downey Jr.: Terry
Stacy Edwards: Sheila
Gaby Hoffman: Raven
Screen Gems presents, in association with Palm Pictures, a film by James Toback. Written and directed by James Toback. Producers Michael Mailer, Daniel Bigel, Ron Rotholz. Executive producers Hooman Majd, Edward R. Pressman, Mark Burg, Oren Koules. Director of photography David Ferrara. Production designer Anne Ross. Editor Myron Kerstein. Costume designer Jacki Roach. Music supervisor Oli "Power" Grant. Running time: 1 hour, 40 minutes.
UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER
Hip-Hop Intellectual
The "hip-hop generation" has the potential to bring about historic political and social change in America, says Bakari Kitwana 88, 90 (MA), 90W (MAT), a maturing face in the leadership of young African-Americans who came of age with the explosively popular music.
By Jeffrey Marsh
When Chuck D. of the influential hip-hop group Public Enemy declared that rap music was the "black CNN," he called attention to the music that so effectively communicated the conditions under which many African-American youth live. More than a decade laterand more than a quarter century after the genres birth in the urban centers of New York City and elsewherethe rhythmic music with its rhyming lyrics has become a worldwide popular culture phenomenon.
But to Bakari Kitwana 88, 90 (MA), 90W (MAT), who as editor of the influential music magazine The Source first coined the phrase "the hip-hop generation," the true power of hip-hip its potential to unite young people to press for enduring political and social changehas yet to be tapped.
"Before hip-hop emerged as a commercial commodity, young African-Americans of this generation did not have a national voice and no place in American culture where they could see the discussion of issues of concern to them," Kitwana says.
"In the landscape of what shaped our generation and touched everyone, nothing has been felt more definitively than hip-hop."
In his 2002 book, The Hip-Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African-American Culture, Kitwana explores the state of that generation, which he defines as African-Americans born between 1965 and 1984. He uses rap music as the starting point for a larger social analysis of the post-civil rights era.
That analysis, Kitwana argues, begins with a distressingly long list of issues confronting American society: On average, young black peopleand in particular, African-American menface higher rates of unemployment, fewer opportunities in education, and are more likely to spend time in jail or prison. They also are more likely to contend with police brutality and are more likely to be murdered.
All are issues, Kitwana says, that often find expression through hip-hop music, giving young African-Americans a social awareness that, combined with the galvanizing success of rap music, has the potential to effect monumental change.
"We have to be able to envision where we want to go and how far society can go," he says. "These are very basic and simple goals, but they just have not been on the agenda."
Hip-hopthe term is interchangeable with rap, Kitwana saysis, "the most explosive and inclusive pop culture invention since the birth of rock and roll in the 1950s," according to curators of an exhibition at Clevelands Rock n Roll Hall of Fame and Museum and at the Brooklyn Museum of Art that detailed the musics influence.
While raunchy vocalists 2 Live Crew and controversial "Cop Killer" singer Ice-T may have garnered mainstream notoriety for rap, other musicians, like Public Enemy and Jay-Z, have made their marks by singing about issues affecting a wide range of African-American youth.
Along with the music, other elementsbreakdancing, deejaying, and graffiti arthave come to encompass hip-hop culture and helped define a subset of black youth culture, Kitwana says.
"As rap music became more of a commercial commodity, it has developed a common attitude, verbal language, body language, and become more of a pop culture phenomenon," Kitwana says.
Kitwana, who changed his name from Kelvin Dance after graduating from Rochester, established a reputation as a cultural analyst early in his career. A former editor of Chicago publisher Third World Press, his first book, 1994s The Rap on Gangsta Rap, cast a critical eye on the popular musical genre.
Haki Madhubuti, poet and publisher of Third World Press, says Kitwana has the potential to take a key role in the leadership of his generation.
"In any type of cultural movement that has any serious statements to make, its participants have to take ownership. Thats what Bakari has done," Madhubuti says. "Hes a scholar and a serious thinker, and that comes through very clearly in his book."
William Lee 88, chief of staff for New Jersey Senator Sharp James and author of his own book, From the Underground: Hip-Hop as an Agent of Social Change (published under the name Hashim Shomari), says Kitwanas book is the most detailed analysis of hip-hop ever.
"Even though its titled The Hip-Hop Generation, very little is about the music or the cultural aesthetic," Lee says. "It looks at the potential of the post-civil rights generation in terms of building a political movement to address concerns. The book is a thorough examination of the factors that influence young African-Americans."
Kitwana, who The Village Voice calls "One of Americas leading hip-hop intellectuals," says he wanted the book to analyze more than music.
"Theres not much written on hip-hop thats critical," he says. "Most is too heavily academic or only celebrity biography. I think because of that a lot of people who are not into hip-hop dont see the big picture."
In conversation, Kitwana is engaging, with a big, bomming laugh. But he gets very serious when discussing the plight of young African-Americans. Hes optimistic that a greater awareness, coupled with a unifying cultural theme such as hip-hop, will bring about change.
"There is a culturally accepted phenomenon of accepting something thats unacceptable," Kitwana says. "You see that in education, you see that in the rising rates of incarceration. You see that in the creation of new jobs that are service sector and dont pay kids a living wage. These are the outrages that will make a political movement in our lifetime."
Growing up in the Long Island area, Kitwana has seen his own share of the poverty and injustices that helped direct him toward activism. As a student at Rochester, he remembers rarely making the trip back and forth from New York City to the University without being stopped by police, often because his color and race fit a certain profile.
Hip-Hop and Me
By Alex Ampadu
What does hip-hop mean to me?
The question is not easily answered because hip-hop is more than music. Its a way of life. Its a musical expression of a culture that resonates far beyond me.
I was about 14 years old when I first fell in love with hip-hop. I had found a music that not only had a distinct, individual sound, but a style and a message that represented me as a person. Hip-hop serves as one of the strongest outlets for young people to express themselves in the world. It is a medium for which a generation of people whose voices are never heard are able to let the world know how they feel. Its an outlet for politics, social growth, and its a way just to have fun.
If you were to wander through Rochesters dorms, you would surely hear rap music playing. WRUR boasts quite a few hip-hop shows. And there are many aspiring hip-hop artists and producers attending the University. Hip-hop definitely shows its presence on campus.
As the years go by, its becoming more and more evident that hip-hops presence is growing. Not only do I love hip-hop but so does America. Many video games sport hip-hop soundtracks. Sports channels like ESPN often play rap music during highlight clips. Many blockbuster movies also feature hip-hop. Even in the music industry itself, pop artists are seeing the benefits of incorporating hip-hop into their work. NSync star Justin Timberlakes single "Like I Love You" features the rap group The Clipse and super hip-hop producers the Neptunes.
As an African-American student majoring in microbiology, there are very few things that I can truly call my own. Hip-hop is something that represents me, but it is not limited to me. It is something that I can share with the whole world, and the world can enjoy it the same way that I do.
Alex Ampadu '02 is a frequent contributor to The Messenger.
At Rochester, Kitwana first began to discover his skills as a leader. The vice president of the Black Student Union and president of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity, Kitwana marched in protests to urge the University to divest itself of holdings in companies doing business in South Africa, and he edited the Black Student Union newsletter, the Grapevine. He remembers making up for a limited selection of courses dedicated to African-American studies by holding informal study groups with friends on campus.
Paul Burgett, vice president and general secretary of the University and former dean of students, remembers Kitwana as a dominant presence on campus who possessed a bright, energetic smile.
"One very forceful element of his thinking that has stayed with me is his insistence on real power sharing with young people," Burgett says. "Bakari is a vibrant exponent of the power, intelligence, and goodness of young Americansparticularly young, black Americansfor whom he so passionately advocates."
Originally a mechanical engineering major, Kitwana read James Baldwins The Fire Next Timeand became enthralled with writing and the power of language, prompting his switch to English as a major. He met Madhubuti at a book signing in Rochester and actively pursued a job at the Third World Press following graduation. Impressed by Kitwanas drive, Madhubuti hired him, and some pegged Kitwana as Madhubutis likely successor.
"They had been publishing books by people like Gwendolyn Brooks and Sonya Sanchez, people I had read and admired, but I discovered that their target audience was older," Kitwana says. "I began to be concerned about being relevant to my own generation, and I sought out where I could work in a way that would reach that generation."
In the early 90s, Kitwana took over as editor of The Source and introduced a political sensibility to the otherwise music-focused magazine. As editor, Kitwana took umbrage with the classification of young black youththe magazines core readershipas "black Generation X-ers." It was then that he coined "hip-hop generation" and made the term part of The Sources style.
"One thing thats important as you begin to understand more of what black culture is about and the distinctiveness of African-American culture is not defining the black experience in reference to the white experience," he says.
His focus on political issues provided a broad framework, and he quit the magazine in 1999 to work on the The Hip-Hop Generation full time.
Kitwana hopes the book will spark a national dialogue on African-American youth. That discussion, Kitwana says, could lay the groundwork for a movement that could be more effective than the civil rights movement of the 60s.
Although he attributes many major achievements to the leaders of the civil rights era, he argues that organizations such as the NAACP and the Urban League "formed in an earlier generation" are not doing enough for young people.
The bureaucratic accretion that comes with financial- and political-based organizations has created an environment in which developing new and younger leadership is not in those groups best interest, Kitwana says.
"The conversation is starting to shift, and theyre realizing it, but theyre still going too slowly," he says. "Part of the reason why is that a lot of guys have gotten comfortable in their leadership. That leadership has become a business.
"One of the biggest problems we face as a generation is that the older generation is not nurturing the emergence of leadership. So a lot of the younger activists are not waiting anymore."
Lee says thats why Kitwanas book is important.
"One of the most exciting things about his book is that it has galvanized many in our generation to come together and have this dialogue at a broader level," Lee says. "Theres always activism, but theres not always a movement. We need to make sure people know each other and talk to each other. Its taking our generation a little longer to get together."
Kitwana points to many organizations that have already made great strides in unifying members of the generation. Some, like Chicagos Hip-Hop Political Action Committee, are relatively young but have a commitment to change.
Theres also grassroots efforts: groups of young people who are brought together by common culture who use parties and recreational activities as a means to voice their dissatisfaction. Hip-hop clubs and gatherings are popular on college campuses, Kitwana says, and there is a growing spoken word movementhighlighted on programs like Russell Simmonss Def Poetry Jamthat are becoming increasingly important.
"You see the most avid groups starting up in areas where youd never expect them," he says. "Those kids in the hinterlands. . . . There is the real power of hip-hop, much more so than the commercial manifestation of hip-hop."
However, not all manifestations are positive, Kitwana says. Critics often have blasted attempts to claim a cultural connection for hip-hop because of the strongly misogynistic and hate-filled lyrics of some popular artists. Kitwana concedes that these musicians can be seen as detrimental in some contexts but notes that listeners are able to discern the valid points from the hateful.
"Rap music has given a lot, but its also brought some negativism," he says. "One thing about the kids of this generation, they are more comfortable living with lifes contradictions. Kids see the negative stuff put out there, but they also see the political messages, and theyre able to discern between the two."
Kitwana, 35, now lives in the Cleveland area with wife Monique Jacques-Kitwana and 4-year-old son Akindele. Hes working on a follow-up to The Hip-Hop Generation, and in the long term, he hopes to start his own magazine to focus on political issues from a multicultural perspective.
In continuing his role as a hip-hop intellectual, Kitwana says the music and the culture have given African-American youth not only a sense of unity but something to strive for.
"Hip-hop has created a national infrastructure," Kitwana says. "Now you have local hip-hop collectives across the country and people getting together in the name of hip-hop.
"More and more, you see young people who are activists tapping into those collectives to bring attention to different political issues. That is the impact hip-hop has."
Jeffrey Marsh is associate editor of Rochester Review.
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